What distinguishes Type 1 diabetes from Type 2 diabetes?

Type 1 diabetes is primarily characterized by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, which are responsible for producing insulin. In individuals with Type 1 diabetes, the immune system mistakenly targets and destroys these cells, leading to little or no insulin production. As a result, this type of diabetes typically manifests in childhood or adolescence, although it can occur at any age.

In contrast, Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance where the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin, combined with a relative insulin deficiency. This type is more prevalent among older adults and is strongly associated with obesity. The underlying mechanisms and pathophysiology for Type 2 diabetes differ markedly from those of Type 1 diabetes, which is why the distinguishing feature of Type 1 is its autoimmune nature impacting beta cell function.